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SpringBoot 读取配置文件中参数全面教程

2024-07-02 00:00| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

一、简介

在日常开发使用 SpringBoot 框架时,经常有一些配置信息需要放置到配置文件中,我们需要手动读取这些配置到应用中进行一些逻辑,这里整理了一些常用读取配置的方法,简单介绍一下。

1、SpringBoot 中常用读取配置方法

SpringBoot 中常用的读取配置方法有:

使用 @Value 注解读取配置使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取配置使用 Environment 对象读取配置使用 PropertiesLoaderUtils 工具读取配置 2、@Value 和 @ConfigurationProperties 的区别 二者区别@ConfigurationProperties@Value功能批量注入配置文件中的属性一个个指定松散绑定(松散语法)支持不支持SpEL不支持支持JSR303数据校验支持不支持复杂类型封装支持不支持

下面会详细介绍使用各个方法是如何读取配置信息。

二、使用 @Value 读取配置 1、@Value 读取配置参数

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.name=mydlq my.age=18

使用 @Value 读取配置文件

@Component public class ReadProperties { @Value("${my.name}") private String name; @Value("${my.age}") private Integer age; }

并且还可以设置一个默认值,放置未从配置文件中读取到该参数:

通过 @Value 读取配置文件 @Component public class ReadProperties { @Value("${my.name:默认姓名}") private String name; @Value("${my.age:18}") private Integer age; } 2、@Value 给参数设定值

使用 @Value 注解给参数设定值,达到跟“=”号一样的赋值效果:

@Component public class ReadProperties { @Value("#{'test value'}") private String value; } 3、@Value 读取系统属性

使用 @Value 注解读取系统环境参数:

@Component public class ReadProperties { @Value("#{systemProperties['os.name']}") private String systemPropertiesName; } 4、@Value 读取 Bean 的属性

测试用的实体对象:

@Data public class User{ private String name; private String age; }

使用 @Value 注解读取 Bean 中对象的属性:

@Component public class ReadProperties { @Bean public User user(){ User user = new User(); user.setName("测试"); user.setAge("18"); return user; } @Value("#{user.name}") private String value; } 5、@Value 使用 SpEL 表达式

在 @Value 注解中可以使用 SpEL 表达式,如下是使用 SpEL 表达式生成随机数:

@Component public class ReadProperties { @Value("#{ T(java.lang.Math).random() * 100.0 }") private double random; } 6、@Value 读取 Resource 资源文件

使用 @Value 可以读取资源文件进行一些操作:

@Component public class ReadProperties { @Value("classpath:application.properties") private Resource resourceFile; public void test(){ // 如果文件存在,就输出文件名称 if(resourceFile.exists()){ System.out.println(resourceFile.getFilename()); } } } 三、使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取配置 1、@ConfigurationProperties 读取配置参数到 String 类型

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.name=mydlq

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:

@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") //配置 prefix 来过滤对应前缀 public class ConfigurationReadConfig { private String name; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } }

注意:使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取配置,则需要配置文件内容中的参数添加统一的前缀,在 @ConfigurationProperties 注解中配置该前缀的值,然后前缀后的属性名要与加 @ConfigurationProperties 注解的类中成员变量名称保持一致。

2、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 List 类型参数

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.list[0]=a my.list[1]=b my.list[2]=c

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:

@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig { private List list; public List getList() { return list; } public void setList(List list) { this.list = list; } } 3、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 Map 类型参数

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.map.name=xiao-li my.map.sex=man my.map.age=20

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:

@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig { private Map map; public Map getMap() { return map; } public void setMap(Map map) { this.map = map; } } 4、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 Time 类型参数

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.time=20s

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:

@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig { /** * 设置以秒为单位 */ @DurationUnit(ChronoUnit.SECONDS) private Duration time; public Duration getTime() { return time; } public void setTime(Duration time) { this.time = time; } } 5、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 DataSize 类型参数

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.fileSize=10MB

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:

@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig { /** * 设置以 MB 为单位 */ @DataSizeUnit(DataUnit.MEGABYTES) private DataSize fileSize; public DataSize getFileSize() { return fileSize; } public void setFileSize(DataSize fileSize) { this.fileSize = fileSize; } } 6、@ConfigurationProperties 读取 DataSize 类型参数

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.fileSize=10MB

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:

@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfig { /** * 设置以 MB 为单位 */ @DataSizeUnit(DataUnit.MEGABYTES) private DataSize fileSize; public DataSize getFileSize() { return fileSize; } public void setFileSize(DataSize fileSize) { this.fileSize = fileSize; } } 7、@ConfigurationProperties 读取配置参数并进行 Valid 效验

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.name=xiao-ming my.age=20

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置:

@Validated // 引入效验注解 @Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") public class ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid { @NotNull(message = "姓名不能为空") private String name; @Max(value = 20L,message = "年龄不能超过 20 岁") private Integer age; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } } 8、@ConfigurationProperties 读取配置到新建 Spring Bean 中

application.properties 配置文件内容:

user.name=mydlq user.age=22

User 实体类

import lombok.Data; @Data public class User { private String name; private Integer age; }

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解读取对应配置到新建的 Bean 对象中

@Configuration public class ConfigurationReadObject { @Bean("user") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "user") public User createUser(){ return new User(); } } 9、从指定配置文件中读取参数

使用 @ConfigurationProperties 注解是默认从 application.properties 或者 application.yaml 中读取配置,有时候我们需要将特定的配置放到单独的配置文件中,这时候需要 @PropertySource 与 ConfigurationProperties 配置使用,使用 @PropertySource 注解指定要读取的文件,使用 @ConfigurationProperties 相关属性。

测试文件:

测试文件名称:test.txt测试文件编码方式:UTF-8测试文件目录:resources/test.txt测试文件内容: my.name=mydlq

Java 中配置 @ConfigurationProperties 和 @PropertySource 注解读取对应配置:

@Configuration @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my") @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:test.txt") public class ConfigurationReadConfig { private String name; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } } 四、使用 Environment 对象读取配置

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.name=mydlq

使用 Environment 读取配置:

@Component public class EnvironmentReadConfig { private String name; @Autowired private Environment environment; public String readConfig(){ name = environment.getProperty("my.name", "默认值"); } } 五、使用 PropertiesLoaderUtils 读取配置

application.properties 配置文件内容:

my.name=mydlq

使用 Environment 读取配置:

public class PropertiesReadConfig { private String name; public void readConfig() { try { ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource("application.properties"); Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource); name = properties.getProperty("my.name", "默认值"); } catch (IOException e) { log.error("", e); } } } 六、读取配置文件示例项目 1、Maven 引入相关依赖 4.0.0 org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-parent 2.2.2.RELEASE com.aspirecn springboot-read-config-example 0.0.1 springboot-read-config-example Spring Boot Read Config 1.8 org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-web org.springframework.boot spring-boot-configuration-processor true org.projectlombok lombok org.springframework.boot spring-boot-maven-plugin 2、测试的配置文件

application.properties

## 使用多种方法读取 String 参数 my1.name=xiao-ming my1.sex=man my1.age=20 ## 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 Map 参数 my2.map.name=xiao-li my2.map.sex=man my2.map.age=20 ## 使用 @Value 读取 Map 参数 my3.map={name:"xiao-ming",sex:"man",age:"20"} ## 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 List 参数 my4.list[0]=xiao-li my4.list[1]=man my4.list[2]=20 ## 使用 @Value 读取 List 参数 my5.list=xiao-ming,man,20 ## 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 Time 参数 my6.time=20s ## 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 DataSize 参数 my7.fileSize=10MB ## 使用 @ConfigurationProperties 读取参数并进行 @Valid 效验 my8.name=xiao-ming my8.age=20 3、读取配置的多种方法 (1)、读取 String 配置的 Service

ConfigurationReadString

import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; /** * 通过 @PropertySource 指定读取的文件中 String 配置,通过 @ConfigurationProperties 过滤前缀 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my1") public class ConfigurationReadString { private String name; private String sex; private String age; public String readString(){ return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } }

EnvironmentReadString

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.core.env.Environment; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; /** * 从环境对象 Environment 中读取 String 配置 */ @Service public class EnvironmentReadString { @Autowired private Environment environment; public String readString(){ String name = environment.getProperty("my1.name", ""); String sex = environment.getProperty("my1.sex", ""); String age = environment.getProperty("my1.age", "18"); return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } }

PropertiesUtilReadString

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource; import org.springframework.core.io.support.PropertiesLoaderUtils; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.Properties; /** * 通过 properties 工具读取 String 配置 */ @Slf4j public class PropertiesUtilReadString { private PropertiesUtilReadString(){} public static String readString() { try { ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource("application.properties"); Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource); String name = properties.getProperty("my1.name", ""); String sex = properties.getProperty("my1.sex", ""); String age = properties.getProperty("my1.age", "18"); return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } catch (IOException e) { log.error("", e); } return ""; } }

ValueReadString

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; /** * 通过 @Value 读取 String 配置 */ @Service public class ValueReadString { @Value("${my1.name}") private String name; @Value("${my1.sex}") private String sex; @Value("${my1.age:18}") private String age; public String readString() { return name + "," + sex + "," + age; } } (2)、读取 List 配置的 Service

ConfigurationReadList

import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import java.util.List; /** * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 方式读取文件中的 List 数据 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my4") public class ConfigurationReadList { private List list; public String readList() { StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); for (String str:list){ builder.append(str).append(","); } // 移除最后的“,”号 builder.delete(builder.length()-1,builder.length()); return builder.toString(); } }

ValueReadList

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.List; /** * 通过 @Value 方式读取文件中的 List 数据 */ @Service public class ValueReadList { @Value("#{'${my5.list}'.split(',')}") private List list; public String readList() { StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(); for (String str:list){ builder.append(str).append(","); } // 移除最后的“,”号 builder.delete(builder.length()-1,builder.length()); return builder.toString(); } } (3)、读取 Map 配置的 Service

ConfigurationReadMap

import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import java.util.Map; /** * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 方式读取文件中的 Map 数据 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my2") public class ConfigurationReadMap { private Map map; }

ValueReadMap

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.Map; /** * 通过 @Value 方式读取文件中的 Map 数据 */ @Service public class ValueReadMap { @Value("#{${my3.map}}") private Map map; public String readMap(){ return map.get("name") + "," + map.get("sex") + "," + map.get("age"); } } (4)、读取 Time 的 Service import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.boot.convert.DurationUnit; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import java.time.Duration; import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit; /** * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 time 参数 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my6") public class ConfigurationReadTime { /** * 设置以秒为单位 */ @DurationUnit(ChronoUnit.SECONDS) private Duration time; public String readTime() { return String.valueOf(time.getSeconds()); } }

常见单位如下:

B for bytes KB for kilobytes MB for megabytes GB for gigabytes TB for terabytes

(5)、读取 DataSize 的 Service import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.boot.convert.DataSizeUnit; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import org.springframework.util.unit.DataSize; import org.springframework.util.unit.DataUnit; /** * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取 time 参数 */ @Data @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my7") public class ConfigurationReadDatasize { /** * 设置以秒为单位 */ @DataSizeUnit(DataUnit.MEGABYTES) private DataSize fileSize; public String readDatasize() { return String.valueOf(fileSize.toMegabytes()); } }

常用单位如下:

ns (纳秒)us (微秒)ms (毫秒)s (秒)m (分)h (时)d (天) (6)、读取配置并进行 valie 效验的 service import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.PropertySource; import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated; import javax.validation.constraints.Max; import javax.validation.constraints.NotNull; /** * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取配置并进行 valid 效验 */ @Data @Validated // 效验注解 @Configuration @PropertySource(encoding = "UTF-8", ignoreResourceNotFound = true, value = "classpath:application.properties") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my8") public class ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid { @NotNull(message = "姓名不能为空") private String name; @Max(value = 20L,message = "年龄不能超过 20 岁") private Integer age; public String readString() { return name + "," + age; } } (7)、读取配置到 Spring Bean 对象中 import lombok.Data; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; /** * 通过 @ConfigurationProperties 读取到 Spring Bean 对象中 */ @Configuration public class ConfigurationReadObject { /** * 测试的实体类对象 */ @Data public static class User { private String name; private Integer age; } /** * 读取以 my9 为前缀的参数的值,到新建的对象中 */ @Bean("user") @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "my9") public User readObjectData(){ return new User(); } } 4、配置测试用的 Controller (1)、读取 String 的 Controller import club.mydlq.service.string.*; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; /** * 读取 String Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/string") public class ReadStringController { @Autowired private ValueReadString valueReadConfig; @Autowired private EnvironmentReadString environmentReadConfig; @Autowired private ConfigurationReadString configurationReadConfig; @GetMapping("/value") public String valueReadConfig(){ return valueReadConfig.readString(); } @GetMapping("/env") public String envReadConfig(){ return environmentReadConfig.readString(); } @GetMapping("/util") public String utilReadConfig(){ return PropertiesUtilReadString.readString(); } @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configurationReadConfig(){ return configurationReadConfig.readString(); } } (2)、读取 List 的 Controller import club.mydlq.service.list.ConfigurationReadList; import club.mydlq.service.list.ValueReadList; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; /** * 读取 List Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/list") public class ReadListController { @Autowired private ValueReadList vlueReadList; @Autowired private ConfigurationReadList configurationReadList; @GetMapping("/value") public String valueReadList(){ return vlueReadList.readList(); } @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){ return configurationReadList.readList(); } } (3)、读取 Map 的 Controller import club.mydlq.service.map.ConfigurationReadMap; import club.mydlq.service.map.ValueReadMap; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; /** * 读取 Map Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/map") public class ReadMapController { @Autowired private ConfigurationReadMap configurationReadMap; @Autowired private ValueReadMap valueReadMap; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadMap(){ return configurationReadMap.getMap().get("name") + "," + configurationReadMap.getMap().get("sex") + "," + configurationReadMap.getMap().get("age"); } @GetMapping("/value") public String valueReadMap(){ return valueReadMap.readMap(); } } (4)、读取 Time 的 Controller import club.mydlq.service.time.ConfigurationReadTime; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; /** * 读取 time Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/time") public class ReadTimeController { @Autowired private ConfigurationReadTime configurationReadTime; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){ return configurationReadTime.readTime(); } } (5)、读取 Datasize 的 Controller import club.mydlq.service.datasize.ConfigurationReadDatasize; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; /** * 读取 Datasize Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/data") public class ReadDatasizeController { @Autowired private ConfigurationReadDatasize configurationReadDatasize; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){ return configurationReadDatasize.readDatasize(); } } (6)、读取 Datasize 的 Controller import club.mydlq.service.valid.ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; /** * 读取参数进行 valid 效验的 Controller */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/valid") public class ReadValidController { @Autowired private ConfigurationReadConfigAndValid configurationReadConfigAndValid; @GetMapping("/configuration") public String configReadList(){ return configurationReadConfigAndValid.readString(); } } (7)、读取参数到 Spring Bean 对象的 Controller import club.mydlq.service.string.ConfigurationReadObject; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; /** * 读取参数到对象 */ @RestController @RequestMapping("/object") public class ReadObjectController { @Autowired private ConfigurationReadObject.User user; @GetMapping("/value") public Object valueReadConfig(){ return user; } } 5、启动类 import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; @SpringBootApplication public class Application { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } }


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